Download NEET UG 2024-25 Syllabus PDF by NTA – Get Latest Updates!

Download NEET UG 2024-25 Syllabus PDF by NTA – Get Latest Updates!

The National Testing Agency (NTA) has officially announced the NEET 2024-25 syllabus on their website. This syllabus covers topics from both Class 11 and Class 12 subjects such as Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (Botany and Zoology). It is crucial for candidates to go through the updated syllabus to better understand the exam pattern and focus on high-weightage topics.

Candidates can visit the official NTA NEET website (neet.nta.ac.in) to download the NEET 2024-25 syllabus in PDF format. This will provide them with a subject-wise breakdown, helping them focus on essential topics and increase their chances of scoring high in the exam. Make sure to follow the latest syllabus as it aligns with the exam structure and format.

Subject wise Syllabus for NEET UG 2024-25

PHYSICS

UNIT I: PHYSICS AND MEASUREMENT

Units of measurements. System of Units, S I Units, fundamental and derived units, least count. significant figures, Errors in measurements , Dimensions of Physics quantities. dimensional analysis, and its applications.

UNIT 2: KINEMATICS

The frame of reference, motion in a straight line. Position- time graph, speed and velocity, Uniform and non-uniform motion, average speed and instantaneous velocity. uniformly accelerated motion. velocity-time, position-time graph, relations for uniformly accelerated motion, Scalars and Vectors. Vector, Addition and subtraction, scalar and vector products. Unit Vector. Resolution of a Vector. Relative Velocity. Motion in a plane, Projectile Motion. Uniform Circular Motion.

UNIT 3: LAWS OF MOTION

Force and inertia, Newton’s First law of motion: Momentum, Newton’s Second Law of motion, Impulses: Newton’s Third Law of motion. Law of conservation of linear momentum and its applications. Equilibrium of concurrent forces.

Static and Kinetic friction, laws of friction, rolling friction.

Dynamics of uniform circular motion: centripetal force and its applications: vehicle on a level circular road, vehicle on a banked road.

UNIT 4: WORK, BNERGY, AND POWER

Work done by a constant force and a variable force; kinetic and potential energies. work-energy theorem, power.

The potential energy of spring conservation of mechanical energy. conservative and non-conservative forces; motion in a vertical circle: Elastic and inelastic collisions in one and two dimensions.

UNIT 5: ROTATIONAL MOTION

Centre of the mass of a two-particle system, Centre of the mass of a rigid body: Basic concepts of rotational motion; moment of a force; torque, angular momentum, conservation of angular momentum and its applications;

The moment of inertia, the radius of gyration, values of moments of inertia for simple geometrical objects, parallel and perpendicular axes theorems. and their applications. Equilibrium of rigid bodies, rigid body rotation and equations of rotational motion, comparison of linear and rotational motions.

UNIT 6: GRAVITATION

The universal law of gravitation. Acceleration due to gravity and its variation with altitude and depth. Kepler’s law of planetary motion. Gravitational potential energy; gravitational potential. Escape velocity, Motion of a satellite, orbital velocity, time period and energy of satellite.

UNIT 7: PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS AND LIQUIDS

Elastic behaviour, Stress-strain relationship, Hooke’s Law. Young’s modulus, bulk modulus, modulus of rigidity. Pressure due to a fluid column; Pascal’s law and its applications. Effect of gravity on fluid pressure.

Viscosity. Stokes’ law. terminal velocity, streamline, and turbulent flow critical velocity Bemoulli’s principle and its applications.

Surface energy and surface tension, angle of contact, excess of pressure across a curved surface, application of surface tension – drops, bubbles, and capillary rise. Heat, temperature, thermal expansion; specific heat capacity, calorimetry; change of state, latent heat. Heat transfer conduction, convection, and radiation.

UNIT 8: THERMODYNAMICS

Thermal equilibrium, zeroth law of thermodynamics, the concept of temperature. Heat, work, and internal energy. The first law of thermodynamics, isothermal and adiabatic processes.

The second law of thermodynamics: reversible and irreversible processes.

UNIT 9: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES

Equation of state of a perfect gas, work done on compressing a gas, Kinetic theory of gases – assumptions, the concept of pressure. Kinetic interpretation of temperature: RMS speed of gas molecules: Degrees of freedom. Law of equipartition of energy and applications to specific heat capacities of gases; Mean free path. Avogadro’s number.

UNIT 10: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVES

Oscillations and periodic motion – time period, frequency, displacement as a function of time. Periodic functions. Simple harmonic motion (S.H.M.) and its equation; phase: oscillations of a spring -restoring force and force constant: energy in S.H.M. – Kinetic and potential energies; Simple pendulum – derivation of expression for its time period:

Wave motion. Longitudinal and transverse waves, speed of travelling wave. Displacement relation for a progressive wave. Principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves. Standing waves in strings and organ pipes, fundamental mode and harmonics- Beats.

UNIT 11: ELECTROSTATICS

Electric charges: Conservation of charge. Coulomb’s law forces between two point charges, forces between multiple charges: superposition principle and continuous charge distribution. Electric field: Electric field due to a point charge, Electric field lines. Electric dipole, Electric field due to a dipole. Torque on a dipole in a uniform electric field.

Electric flux, Gauss’s law and its applications to find field due to infinitely long uniformly charged straight wire, uniformly charged infinite plane sheet, and uniformly charged thin spherical shell. Electric potential and its calculation for a point charge, electric dipole and system of charges, potential difference, Equipotential surfaces, Electrical potential energy of a system of two point charges and of electric dipole in an electrostatic field.

conductors and insulators. Dielectrics and electric polarization, capacitors and capacitances,, the combination of capacitors in series and parallel, capacitance of a parallel plate capacitor with and without dielectric medium between the plates. Energy stored in a capacitor.

UNIT 12: CURRENT ELECTRICITY

Electric current. Drift velocity, mobility and their relation with electric current, Ohm’s law. Electrical resistance, V-l characteristics of ohmic and non-ohmic conductors. Electrical energy and power’ Electrical resistivity and conductivity. Series and parallel combinations of resistors; Temperature dependence of resistance.

Internal resistance, potential difference and emf of a cell, a combination of cells in series and parallel. Kirchhoff’s raws and their applications. Wheatstone bridge. Metre Bridge.

UNIT 13: MAGNETIC EFFECTS OF CURRENT AND MAGNETISM

Biot – Savart law and its application to current carrying circular loop. Ampere’s law and its applications to infinitely long current carrying straight wire and solenoid. Force on a moving charge in uniform magnetic and electric fields.

Force on a current-carrying conductor in a uniform magnetic field. The force between two parallel currents carrying conductors-definition of ampere. Torque experienced by a current loop in a uniform magnetic field: Moving coil galvanometer, its sensitivity, and conversion to ammeter and voltmeter.

Current loop as a magnetic dipole and its magnetic dipole moment. Bar magnet as an equivalent solenoid. magnetic field lines; Magnetic field due to a magnetic dipole (bar magnet) along its axis and perpendicular to its axis. Torque on a magnetic dipole in a uniform magnetic field. Para-, dia- and ferromagnetic substances with examples, effect of temperature on magnetic properties.

UNIT 14: ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION AND ALTERNATING CURRENTS

Electromagnetic induction: Faraday’s law. Induced emf and current: Lenz’s Law, Eddy currents. Self and mutual inductance. Alternating currents, peak and RMS value of alternating current/ voltage: reactance and impedance: LCR series circuit, resonance: power in AC circuits, wattless current. AC generator and transformer.

UNIT 15: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

Displacement current. Electromagnetic waves and their characteristics, Transverse nature of electromagnetic waves, Electromagnetic spectrum (radio waves, microwaves, infrared, visible, ultraviolet. X-rays. Gamma rays), Applications of e.m. waves.

UNIT 16: OPTICS

Reflection of light, spherical mirrors, morror formula. Refraction of right at plane and spherical surfaces, thin lens formula and lens maker formula. Total internal reflection and its applications.

Magnification. Power of a Lens. Combination of thin lenses in contact. Refraction of light though a prism. Microscope and Astronomical Telescope (reflecting and refracting ) and their magnifying powers.

Wave optics: wavefront and Huygens’ principle. Laws of reflection and refraction using Huygens principle. Interference, Young’s double-slit experiment and expression for fringe width, coherent sources, and sustained interference of light. Diffraction due to a single slit, width of central maximum. Polarization, plane-polarized light: Brewster’s law, uses of plane-polarized light and Polaroid

UNIT 17: DUAL NATURE OF MATTER AND RADIATION     

Dual nature of radiation. Photoelectric effect. Hertz and Lenard’s observations; Einstein’s photoelectric equation: particle nature of light. Matter waves-wave nature of particle, de Broglie relation.

UNIT 18: ATOMS AND NUCLEI   

Alpha-particle scattering experiment; Rutherford’s model of atom; Bohr model, energy levels’ hydrogen spectrum. Composition and size of nucleus, atomic masses, Mass-energy relation, mass defect; binding energy per nucleon and its variation with mass number, nuclear fission, and fusion.

UNIT 19: ELECTRONIC DEVICES 

Semiconductors; semiconductor diode: I-V characteristics in forward and reverse bias; diode as a rectifier; I-V characteristics of LED. The photodiode, solar cell, and Zener diode; Zener diode as a voltage regulator. Logic gates (OR. AND. NOT. NAND and NOR).

UNIT 20: EXPERIMENTAL SKILLS              

1. Vernier calipers – it’s used to measure the internal and external diameter and depth of a vessel.
2. Screw gauge – it’s use to determine the thickness/diameter of thin sheet/wire.
3. Simple pendulum – dissipation of energy by plotting a graph between the square of amplitude and time.
4. Metre Scale – the mass of a given object by the principle of moments.
5. Young’s modulus of elasticity of the material of a metallic wire.
6. Surface tension of water by capillary rise and effect of detergents.
7. Co-efficient of Viscosity of a given viscous liquid by measuring the terminal velocity of a given spherical body.
8. Speed of sound in air at room temperature using a resonance tube.
9. Specific heat capacity of a given (i) solid and (ii) liquid by method of mixtures.
10. The resistivity of the material of a given wire using a metre bridge.
11. The resistance of a given wire using Ohm’s law.
12. Resistance and figure of merit of a galvanometer by half deflection method.
13. The focal length of;
    1. Convex mirror
    2. Concave mirror, and
    3. Convex lens, using the parallax method.
14. The plot of the angle of deviation vs angle of incidence for a triangular prism.
15. The refractive index of a glass slab using a traveling microscope.
16. Characteristic curves of a p-junction diode in forward and reverse bias.
17. Characteristic curves of a Zener diode and finding reverse breakdown voltage.
18. Identification of Di.de. LED, Resistor. A capacitor from a mixed collection of such items

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Chemistry

UNIT 1: Some Basic Concepts of Chemistry         

Matter and its nature, Dalton’s atomic theory, laws of chemical combination, concept of elements, atoms, and molecules, atomic and molecular masses, mole concept and molar mass, percentage composition, empirical and molecular formulae, chemical reactions, stoichiometry 

UNIT 2: Structure of Atom          

Discovery of electron, proton, and neutron, atomic number, isotopes and isobars, Thompson’s model and its limitations, Rutherford’s model and its limitations, Bohr’s model and its limitations, concept of shells and subshells, dual nature of matter and light, de Broglie’s relationship, Heisenberg uncertainty principle, the concept of orbitals, quantum numbers, shapes of s, p and d orbitals, rules for filling electrons in orbitals – Aufbau principle, Pauli exclusion principle, Hund’s rule, electronic configuration of atoms, stability of half-filled and filled orbitals

UNIT 3: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Significance of classification, development of the periodic table, modern periodic law and the present form of the periodic table, periodic trends in properties of elements – atomic radii, ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, electronegativity, valence

UNIT 4: Chemical Bonding and Molecular Structure

Valence electrons, ionic bond, covalent bond, bond parameters, Lewis structure, the polar character of covalent bond, the covalent character of ionic bond, valence bond theory, resonance, the geometry of covalent molecules, VSEPR theory, the concept of hybridization involving s, p, and d orbitals, molecular orbital theory of homonuclear diatomic molecules (qualitative idea only), hydrogen bond

UNIT 5: States of Matter: Gases and Liquids

Three states of matter, intermolecular interactions, types of bonding, melting and boiling points, role of gas laws in elucidating the concept of the molecule, Boyle’s law, Charle’s law, Gay Lussac’s law, Avogadro’s law, ideal behavior, empirical derivation of gas equation, Avogadro number, ideal gas equation, kinetic energy and molecular speeds (elementary idea), deviation from ideal behavior, liquefaction of gases, critical temperature, Liquid State – Vapour pressure, viscosity, and surface tension (qualitative idea only, no mathematical derivations)

UNIT 6: Thermodynamics

Concepts of system, types of systems, surroundings, work, heat, energy, extensive and intensive properties, state functions, the first law of thermodynamics – internal energy and enthalpy, heat capacity and specific heat, measurement of ΔU and ΔH, Hess’s law of constant heat summation, enthalpy of bond dissociation, combustion, formation, atomization, sublimation, phase transition, ionization, solution, and dilution, the introduction of entropy as a state function, the second law of thermodynamics, Gibbs energy change for spontaneous and non-spontaneous process, criteria for equilibrium, the third law of thermodynamics – a brief introduction

UNIT 7: Equilibrium

Equilibrium in physical and chemical processes, dynamic nature of equilibrium, law of mass action, equilibrium constant, factors affecting equilibrium – Le Chatelier’s principle, ionic equilibrium – ionization of acids and bases, strong and weak electrolytes, degree of ionization, ionization of polybasic acids, acid strength, concept of pH., Hydrolysis of salts (elementary idea), buffer solutions, Henderson equation, solubility product, common ion effect (with illustrative examples)

UNIT 8: Redox Reactions             

Concept of oxidation and reduction, redox reactions, oxidation number, balancing redox reactions in terms of loss and gain of electron and change in oxidation numbers, applications of redox reactions

UNIT 9: Classification of Elements and Periodicity in Properties

Modern periodic law and the current form of the periodic table; s, p, d, and f-block elements; Periodic trends in properties such as atomic and ionic radii, ionization enthalpy, electron gain enthalpy, valence, oxidation states, and chemical reactivity.

UNIT 10: P-Block Elements

General Introduction; Electronic configuration; General trends in physical and chemical properties; Unique behavior of the first element of each group; Group 13 to Group 18 elements.

UNIT 11: d- and f-Block Elements

General introduction, electronic configurations, occurrence, and characteristics of transition elements; General trends in properties such as physical properties, ionization enthalpy, oxidation states, atomic radii, color, catalytic behavior, magnetic properties, complex formation; Preparation, properties, and uses of compounds like K₂Cr₂O₇ and KMnO₄; Lanthanoids and actinoids, including electronic configurations, oxidation states, and lanthanoid contraction.

UNIT 12: Coordination Compounds        

Introduction to coordination compounds; Werner’s theory; Ligands, coordination number, denticity, chelation; IUPAC nomenclature of mononuclear coordination compounds; Isomerism; Bonding: Valence bond approach and basic ideas of Crystal field theory; Color and magnetic properties; Importance of coordination compounds in qualitative analysis, extraction of metals, and in biological systems.

UNIT 13: Purification and Characterisation of Organic Compounds           

Purification methods (crystallization, sublimation, chromatography, distillation, differential extraction); qualitative and quantitative analysis including detection of elements (N, S, P, halogens) and calculations of empirical and molecular formulas.

UNIT 14: Some Basic Principles of Organic Chemistry

Tetra-valency of carbon, hybridization, classification based on functional groups, isomerism, nomenclature, types of organic reactions (substitution, addition, elimination, rearrangement), electronic effects (inductive, electromeric, resonance, hyperconjugation).

UNIT 15: Hydrocarbons

Classification and isomerism; Alkanes, Alkenes, and Alkynes – structure, properties, and reactions; Aromatic hydrocarbons – structure, aromaticity, electrophilic substitution reactions.

UNIT 16: Organic Compounds Containing Halogens

Preparation, properties, and reactions of haloalkanes and haloarenes; environmental effects of compounds like chloroform and DDT.

UNIT 17: Organic Compounds Containing Oxygen

Properties and reactions of alcohols, phenols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids; important organic reactions such as nucleophilic addition and condensation.

UNIT 18: Organic Compounds Containing Nitrogen         

Amines and diazonium salts – preparation, properties, reactions, and uses; importance in synthetic organic chemistry.

UNIT 19: Biomolecules  

Classification and functions of carbohydrates, proteins, vitamins, nucleic acids; structure and function of biomolecules in biological processes.

CARBOHYDRATES – classification; aldoses and ketoses: monosaccharides (glucose and fructose) and constituent monosaccharides of oligosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, and maltose).

PROTEINS – Elementary Idea of amino acids, peptidebond, polypeptides. Proteins: primary. secondary, tertiary, and quatemary structure (qualitative idea only), denaturation of proteins, enzymes.

VITAMINS – Classification and functions.

NUCLEIC ACIDS – Chemical constitution of DNA and RNA.

Biological functions of nucleic acids

Hormones (General introduction)

UNIT 20: Principles Related to Practical Chemistry

Detection of elements and functional groups in organic compounds; principles involved in the preparation of specific inorganic and organic compounds; qualitative and quantitative analysis including titrimetric and gravimetric analysis.

• The chemistry involved in the preparation of the following:

Inorganic compounds: Mohr’s salt. potash alum.

Organic compounds: Acetanilide. p-nitro acetanilide, aniline yellow, iodoform.

• The chemistry involved in the titrimetric exercises – Acids. bases and the use of indicators. Oxalic-acid vs KMnO₄, Mohr’s salt vs KMnO₄
• Chemical principles involved in the qualitative salt analysis:

cations – Pb²⁺. Cu²⁺. Al³⁺, Fe³⁺. Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mg²⁺. NH₄⁺

Anions- CO^2-₃-, S^2-, SO₄^2-, NO^3-, NO^2- , Cl^– , Br^– , I^– ( Insoluble salts excluded).

Chemical principles involved in the following experiments:

1. Enthalpy of solution of CuSO₄
2. Enthalpy of neutralization of strong acid and strong base.
3. Preparation of lyophilic and lyophobic sols.
4. Kinetic study of the reaction of iodide ions with hydrogen peroxide at room temperature.

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BIOLOGY

Unit 1 – Diversity of Living Organisms Change    

What is living? ; Biodiversity; Need for classification;; Taxonomy & Systematics; Concept of species and taxonomical hierarchy; Binomial nomenclature;

Five kingdom classifications: salient features and classification of Monera; Protista and Fungi into major groups: Lichensl Viruses and Viroids.

salient features and classification of plants into major groups-Algae, Bryophytes, Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms (three to five salient and distinguishing features and at least two examples of each category);

Salient features and classification of animals non chordate up to phyla level and chordate up to classes level (three to five salient features and at least two examples),

Unit 2 – Structural Organization in Plants & Animals Change        

Morphology and modifications; Tissues; Anatomy and functions of different parts of flowering plants: Root, stem, leaf, inflorescence- cymose and racemose, flower, fruit and seed 1To be dealt along with the relevant practical of the Practical Syllabus) Family (malvaceae, Cruciferae, leguminoceae, compositae, graminae).

Animal tissues; Morphology, anatomy, and functions of different systems (digestive, circulatory, respiratory, nervous, and reproductive) of an insect (Frog), (Brief account only)

Unit 3 – Cell Structure and Function No Change 

cell theory and cell as the basic unit of life; Structure of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell; Plant cell and animal cell; Cell envelope, cell membrane, cell wall; Cell organelle structure and function; Endomembrane system-endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, vacuoles; mitochondria, ribosomes, plastids, microbodies; Cytoskeleton, cilia flagella centrioles (ultrastructure and function); Nucleus-nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus.

chemical constituents of living cells: Biomolecules-structure and function of proteins, carbohydrates. lipids, nucleic acids; Enzymes-types, properties, enzyme action, classification and nomenclature of enzymes

B Cell division: Cell cycle, mitosis, meiosis, and their significance

Unit 4 – Plant Physiology            

Photosynthesis: Photosynthesis as a means of Autotrophic nutrition; Site of photosynthesis takes place; pigments involved in Photosynthesis (Elementary-.idea); Photochemical and biosynthetic phases of photosynthesis; Cyclic and non-cyclic and photophosphorylation; chemiosmotic hypothesis; photorespiration c3 and c4 pathways; Factors affecting photosynthesis.

Respiration: Exchange gases; cellular respiration-glycolysis. fermentation (anaerobic), TCA cycle and electron transport system (aerobic); Energy relations- Number of ATP molecules generated; Amphibolic pathways; Respiratory quotient.

Plant growth and development: Seed germination; phases of plant growth and plant growth rate; Conditions of growth; Differentiation, differentiation, and redifferentiation; Sequence of developmental process in a plant cell; Growth regulators auxin, gibberellin, cy. cytokinin, ethylene, ABA;

Unit 5 – Human Physiology        

Breathing and Respiration: Respiratory organs in animals (recall only); Respiratory system in humans; Mechanism of breathing and its regulation in humans-Exchange of gases, transport of gases and regulation of respiration Respiratory volumes; Disorders related to respiration-Asthm4 Emphysema, Occupational respiratory disorders.

Body fluids and circulation: composition of blood, blood groups, coagulation of blood; composition of lymph and its function; Human circulatory system-structure of human heart and blood vessels; cardiac cycle, cardiac output. ECG. Double circulation; Regulation of cardiac activity; Disorders of circulatory system-Hypertension, coronary artery disease, Angina pectoris, Heart failure.

Excretory products and their elimination: Modes of excretion- Ammonotelism, ureotelism, uricotelism; Human excretory system structure and function; Urine formation, osmoregulation; Regulation of kidney function-Renin-angiotensin, Atrial Natriuretic Factor, ADH and Diabetes insipidus; Role of other organs in excretion; Disorders; Uraemia, Renal failure, Renal calculi, Nephritis; Diarlsis and artificial kidney.

Locomotion and Movement: Types of movement- ciliary, flagellar, muscular; Skeletal muscle- contractile proteins and muscle contraction; Skeletal system and its functions (To be dealt with in the relevant practical of practical syllabus); Joints; Disorders of muscular and skeletal system-Myasthenia gravis, Tetany, Muscular dystrophy, Arthritis, Osteoporosis, Gout.

Neural control and coordination: Neuron and nerves; Nervous system in human central nervous system, peripheral nervous system, and visceral nervous system; Generation and conduction of nerve impulses;

chemical coordination and regulation: Endocrine glands and hormones; Human endocrine system-Hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal, Thyroid, parathyroid, Adrenal, Pancreas, Gonads; Mechanism of hormone action (Elementary idea); Role of hormones as messengers and regulators, Hypo-and hyperactivity and related disorders (common disorders e.g. Dwarfism, Acromegaly, Cretinism, goiter, exophthalmic goiter, diabetes, Addison,s disease).

(lmportant: Diseases and disorders mentioned above to be dealt with in brief.)

Unit 6 – Reproduction   

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants: Flower structure; Development of male and female gametophytes; Pollination-types, agencies, and examples; Outbreeding devices; Pollen-Pistil interaction; Double fertilization; Post fertilization events- Development of endosperm and embryo, Development of seed and formation of fruit; Special modes apomixis, parthenocarpy, polyembryony; Significance of seed and fruit formation.

Human Reproduction: Male and female reproductive systems; Microscopic anatomy of testis and ovary; Gametogenesis-spermatogenesis & oogenesis; Menstrual cycle; Fertilisation, embryo development up to blastocyst formation, implantation: Pregnancy and placenta formation (Elementary idea); Parturition (Elementary idea); Lactation (Elementary idea).

Reproductive health: Need for reproductive health and prevention of sexually transmitted diseases (STD); Birth control-Need and Methods, Contraception and Medical Termination of Pregnancy (MTP); Amniocentesis; lnfertility and assisted reproductive technologies – IVF, ZIFT, GIFT (Elementary idea for general awareness).

Unit 7 – Genetics & Evolution    

Heredity and variation: Mendelian inheritance; Deviations from MendelismIncomplete dominance, Co-dominance, Multiple alleles, and Inheritance of blood groups, Pleiotropy; Elementary idea of polygenic inheritance; Chromosome theory of inheritance; Chromosomes and genes; Sex determination-l-n humans, birds, honey bee; Linkage and crossing over; Sex-linked inheritance-Haemophilia colour blindness; Mendelian disorders in humans-Thalassemia; chromosomal disorders in humans; Down,s syndrome, Tumer,s and Klinefelter,s syndromes.

Molecular basis of Inheritance: Search for genetic material and DNA as genetic material; Structure of DNA and RNA; DNA packaging; DNA replication; Central dogma; Transcription, genetic code, translation; Gene expression and regulation- Lac Operon; Genome and human genome project; DNA finger printing, protein biosynthesis.

Evolution: Origin of life; Biological evolution and evidence for biological evolution from Paleontology, comparative anatomy, embryology, and molecular evidence); Darwin, ,s contribution, modern synthetic theory of Evolution; Mechanism of evolution Variation (Mutation and Recombination) and Natural Selection with examples, types of natural selection; gene flow and genetic drift; Hardy-weinberg’s principle; Adaptive Radiation; Human evolution.

Unit 8 – Biology and Human Welfare      

Health and Disease; Pathogens; parasites causing human diseases (Malaria, Filariasis, Ascariasis. Typhoid, Pneumonia, common cold, amoebiasis, ring worm, dengue, chikungunya); Basic concepts of immunology-vaccines; Cancer, HIV and AIDS; Adolescence, drug, and alcohol abuse.Tobacco abuse

Microbes in human welfare: In household food processing, industrial production, sewage treatment, energy generation, and as biocontrol agents and biofertilizers.

Unit 9 – Biotechnology and its Applications         

Principles and process of Biotechnology: Genetic engineering (recombinant DNA technology).

Application of Biotechnology in Health and Agriculture: Human insulin and vaccine production, gens therapy Cienbtically modified:organisms-Br crops: Transgenic Animals Biosafety issues-Biopirac;r and patents.

Unit 10 – Ecology and Environment        

organisms and environment Population intentions-mutualism, competition. predation, parasitism Population attributes-growth. birth rate and death rate, age distribution.

Ecosystem: Patterns, components; productivity and decomposition: Energy flow: Pyramids of number, biomass. energy

Biodiversity and its conservation: concept of Biodiversity; patterns of Biodiversity: Importance of Biodiversity; Loss of Biodiversity Biodiversity conservation; Hotspots, endangered organisms. extinction; Red Data Book. biosphere reserves, National parks, and sanctuaries, Sacred Groves.

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